Method and apparatus for recording and reproducing disk-type recording medium with dual head including reading head and writing head having offset cores

ABSTRACT

A disk type recording and reproducing apparatus includes a disk type recording medium, and a dual head including a reading head and a writing head. A center of the core of the reading head is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to a center of the core of the writing head. The disk type recording medium has a plurality of recording tracks each having a plurality of sectors. Each of the sectors has an ID division provided ahead of a data division disposed in the circumferential direction of the disk type recording medium. The ID division has recorded therein identification information identifying the sector. A center line of the ID division is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to a center line of the data division by a distance equal to a distance by which the center of the core of the reading head is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to the center of the core of the writing head. The data division has identification information identifying the sector stored in a position ahead of data to be recorded and reproduced.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/128,072 filed on Sep. 28, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,105.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for recording on and reproducing from a magnetic disk having its recording area divided into a plurality of sectors, each sector including an ID area and a data area, and more particularly to a method for recording on or reproducing from a magnetic disk, which method contributes to increasing the access speed.

This invention relates to a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus for recording on a magnetic disk having a plurality of divided recording areas, each divided recording area including an identification area and a data area, and more particularly to a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus, a control circuit for the magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus and a magnetic recording and reproducing method, which are most suitable for magnetic recording and reproduction with a dual head (hereafter referred to the dual head) combining a reproducing head, such as an MR (magneto-resistive effect) head and a recording head.

The bit error rate of data transferred from a magnetic disk unit to a computer is generally desired to be 1.0E-14 or less. However, it is virtually impossible to keep the bit error rate of data read from the magnetic disk at a level of this order. Therefore, normally, redundant bits for error check or error correction are added to record data, and a magnetic disk controller (hereafter referred to as the controller), provided between the magnetic disk unit and the computer, is used to detect or correct errors of data which is read by the controller so as to limit the bit error rate of data from the controller to the computer to 1.0E-14 or less even when the tolerance limit for the bit error rate of data from the magnetic disk unit is about 1.0E-9. Incidentally, in view of the error correction capability of the controller, it is possible to further tolerate the bit error rate of data read by the controller. If more errors can be tolerated in accordance with the difference between the current bit error rate and the deteriorate bit error rate, for example from the current 1.0E-9 to 1.0E-6, in compliance with an increase in the so-called window margin, the recording density, or the recording capacity of the magnetic disk can be increased. However, as the bit error rate is deteriorate, the greater number of times error bits are corrected. If the correction process time for one error is long, a large overhead for the error correction process causes the performance of the apparatus to deteriorate. Heretofore, there has been a problem that correcting errors takes time for the reason described below, and after all, the bit error rate of data read from the magnetic disk into the controller cannot be improved. Specifically, the magnetic disk is normally divided into a plurality of sectors for a more effective access. FIG. 2 shows a recording format for each of the sectors 1, 2, . . . The sectors 1, 2, . . . are divided into the ID areas, ID0, ID1, ID2, . . . and the data areas DATA0, DATA1, DATA2, . . . . The data areas ID0, ID1, ID2, . . . are each divided into information PROSYNC for phase synchronization of a PLL (phase lock loop), AM indicating the leading end of the ID area, C for a cylinder number of data, H for a head number of data, S for a sector number of data, CRC indicating whether or not an error has occurred, and ID PAD indicating a border between the ID area and the data area. Recording or reproduction of the record format on a data area of the magnetic disk is executed after information of the ID area of the same sector is verified. Error detection of the ID information is performed by comparing an error check code generated by using the ID information which has been read and an error check code CRC recorded in advance. This error detection can be done at high speed, but if an error is detected, data has to be read again (by retry), for which a waiting time for one rotation of the disk is required. In order to solve this problem, it has been proposed to correct errors in the information of the ID area by adding an error correcting code to the ID area as disclosed in JP-A-63-86160 (Prior Art 1). However, the conventional method for error correction takes time. Unless the error correction of the ID area is finished by the time data is written in the data area specified by the ID, a disk rotational delay occurs. To avoid this problem, there has been proposed a method for placing the corresponding ID areas and data areas in different sectors instead of placing in the same sectors to thereby secure time for correcting errors, as shown in FIGS. 3A to 3D.

In the past, magnetic heads, such as the inductive head or the MIG (Metal In Gap) head capable of both reading and writing, were used to read data from or write onto the magnetic disk unit.

Recently, dual heads, containing a magnetic head for writing (inductive, MIG, etc.) and a magnetic head for reading, are mounted. In addition, an MR (Magneto-Resistive) head, which is not dependent on the rotating speed of the disk and which is compatible with small disks, has began to be used for the magnetic head for reading.

The dual head as described has a problem that because it is generally manufactured in a monolithic body including the writing head and the reading head, a discordance occurs invariably between the core centers of the two heads in the manufacturing process.

According to a technique revealed in JP-A-3-160675, in the magnetic disk unit using a dual head, servo information is provided separately for writing and reading in the areas on the magnetic disk which are shifted with respect to each other by the amount equal to the distance of a radial shift between with the reading head and the writing head, and under this head configuration, data can be written into the data area without moving the magnetic head. (See FIG. 38.)

Though not disclosed in the above-mentioned patent publication, the format pattern that the inventors presumed from the description of the patent publication is shown in FIGS. 39A to 39C. Description will now be made of W.SPLICE. When writing data, it is confirmed by reading information in the ID area whether or not an object sector is accessed reading information of the ID area and the magnetic head unit writes data in the next area. It is necessary to gain time from this reading until the electronic circuit for writing becomes ready for operation. The area provided for gaining this time is W.SPLICE.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a high-speed error correction method wherein correction of an error in the ID area can be finished by the time data is written in the data area specified by the ID information provided physically in the same sector, and the corresponding ID area and data area can be placed in the same sector.

A second object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus which uses a dual head and finishes error correction of the identification information by the time of starting writing data into the data area corresponding to the identification information placed in the same recording area.

A third object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus which uses a dual head, decodes coded data, such as maximum likelihood decoding, and which is free from a decrease in formatting efficiency.

A fourth object of the present invention is to provide a large-capacity small-size disk-type recording and reproducing apparatus which uses a dual head.

A fifth object of the present invention is to provide a disk-type recording and reproducing apparatus which uses a dual head and which is capable of high-speed formatting.

The above-mentioned object of the present invention (hereafter referred to as the first object) will be described.

The above-mentioned prior art has a problem that since the corresponding ID area and data area are not set in the same sector but are set in the physically different sectors, so that the control operation of the controller is complicated and malfunctioning is liable to occur.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned first object, a first means is provided by which to finish error correction in the ID area before data is read from or written into the data area corresponding to the ID area. More specifically, there is provided means whereby when an expected value of the ID of the sector where information is to be read or written, added with an expected value of an error correcting code calculated from the expected value of the ID, is compared with a value actually read from the magnetic disk, if the discordant quantity of data exceeds the correctable quantity of data, the expected value of the ID and the read-out value are regarded as discordant.

Further, to achieve the first object, a second means is provided by which to finish the error correction of the ID area before data is read from or written into the data area corresponding to the ID area. To be more specific, when an expected value of the ID in the sector where information is to be read or written, added with an expected value of an error correcting code calculated from the expected value of the ID is compared with a value actually read from the magnetic disk, if the discordant quantity of data does not exceed the correctable quantity of data, the expected value of the ID and the read-out value are regarded as accordant.

Further, to achieve the first object, there is provided a third means by which to finish the error correction of the ID area before data is read from or written into the data area corresponding to the ID area. To be more specific, an error correcting code in the ID area is formed by being interleaved with a Hamming code, for example, which is instantly correctable and relatively short and simple.

Further, to achieve the first object, as a fourth means, the error correcting code in the ID area is arranged to have the same value as in the ID area.

In the first means, when an expected value of the ID of the sector where information is to be read or written, added with an expected value of the error correcting code calculated from the expected value of the ID, is compared with a value actually read from the magnetic disk, if the discordant quantity of data exceeds the correctable quantity t of data, the expected value of the ID and the read-out value are regarded as discordant. According to the coding theory, the t symbol error correcting code should have the minimum Hamming distance of 2t+1 or more, and the distance from one code to another should be 2t+1 symbols or more. Therefore, data which, after corrected, can accord with a code including the expected value of the ID and the expected value of the error correcting code is never corrected erroneously to other data and regarded as a discordant data. In addition, an accord/discord decision can be made taking into account a result of correction when the last data is read, and therefore, even if a data area corresponding to an ID area is placed just behind the ID area, data can be read from or written in the data area corresponding to the ID area after the value in the ID area has been corrected by ECC.

In the second means, when an expected value of the ID in a sector where information is to be read or written, added with an expected value of the error correcting code calculated from the expected value of the ID is compared with a value actually read from the magnetic disk, if the discordant quantity of data does not exceed a correctable quantity of data, the value of the ID and the read value are regarded as accordant. According to the coding theory, the t symbol error correcting code should have the minimum Hamming distance of 2t+1 or more, data which, after corrected, can accord with a code including the expected value of the ID and the expected value of the error correcting code is never corrected erroneously to other data and regarded a discordant data. In addition, an accord/discord decision can be made taking into account a result of correction when the last data has been read, and therefore, even if a data area corresponding to an ID area is placed just behind the ID area, data can be read from or written in the data area corresponding to the ID area after the value in the ID area has been corrected by ECC.

In the third means, an error correcting code of the ID area is formed by being interleaved with a Hamming code, for example, which is instantly correctable. Since an accord/discord decision can be made taking into account a result of correction when the last data has been read, and therefore, even if a data area corresponding to an ID area is placed just behind the ID area, data can be read from or written in the data area corresponding to the ID area after the value in the ID area has been corrected by ECC.

In the fourth means, an arrangement is made so that the error correcting code of the ID area has the same value as the value of the ID area, and that when either one or both of the ID agrees with the value read from the magnetic disk, a decision is made that two compared values are regarded as accordant. Even if either one ID cannot be read in a normal manner, an accord/discord decision is made when the last data is read. Therefore, even if a data area corresponding to the ID area is placed just behind the ID area, data can be read from or written in the data area corresponding to the ID area.

According to the present invention, even when a data area corresponding to the ID area is placed just behind the ID area, data can be read from or written in the data area corresponding to the ID area by finishing an error correction of the ID area by ECC without a rotational delay, so that even with a system of a high bit error rate, a read/write operation can be conducted on the data area without increasing the access time and furthermore, the control operation by the controller does not become complicated.

The second and third objects of the present invention will be described. A technique which uses a dual head is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 3-254953, the contents of which will be described with reference to FIG. 16.

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram showing a track format. The ID division 3002 in the Figure corresponds to the ID area mentioned above. As shown in the Figure, an ID division 3002 includes two ID divisions 3002-1 and 3002-2, in which the same contents are written as in the conventional magnetic disk. The two ID divisions 3002-1 and 3002-2 are shifted with respect to each other by the amount of shift (δ) between the recording head and the reproducing head. At track No. N, by using a servo signal division set before the ID division 3002 (at this time, the center line of the servo signal division is supposed to coincide with the center line of the recording head), the recording head 3005 is positioned to the center line of writing (the data division), and under this condition, the recording ID division 3002-2 is reproduced (read) by the reproducing head 3004. At track No. N+1, by use of the servo signal division, the center lines are set offset by δ, with the result that the reproducing head 3004 is positioned to the center line of reading (the reproducing ID division and the data division). In this case, the reproducing ID division 3002-1 is reproduced and the data division 3003 is reproduced. In the manner as described, by selectively using the two ID divisions 3002-1 and 3002-2, even if the positions of the heads are changed between the recording and reproducing operations, the ID divisions can be detected without any positional shift at all times.

As mentioned in the description of the prior art, it has been proposed to add an error correcting code (ECC) also to the ID area to correct errors in information in the ID area. However, in the prior art, the corresponding ID area and data area are not placed in the same sector but in physically different sectors, which results in problems that the control operation of the controller is complicated and malfunctioning is liable to occur.

Also in the technique described in Japanese Patent Application No. 3-254953, unless error correction of the recording ID area is finished by the time data starts to be written into the data area corresponding to the recording ID area, the recording head passes the leading end of the writing area, so that it becomes necessary to wait for the head to complete one rotation, thus producing a rotational delay time. For this reason, a gap needs to be provided just behind the recording ID area.

The foregoing process takes place after the signal read by the head has been decoded to reproduce a digital value. With regard to decoding, as shown in Nikkei Electronics 1991, 9, 30 pp. 77-106, it has been proposed to combine an MR head, which is a read-only head, and the maximum likelihood decoding (Viterbi decoding) in order to improve reliability of data. However, a problem with this technique is that the maximum likelihood decoding (Viterbi decoding) requires a long decoding time, and therefore, the data area cannot be placed just behind the ID area, with the result that the formatting efficiency deteriorates.

The second and third objects of the present invention are to solve the above-mentioned problems.

In order to achieve the second and third objects of the present invention, there is provided a magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus for magnetically recording and reproducing on a magnetic disk with a dual head including separate recording and reproducing heads, wherein the recording area on the magnetic disk is divided into a plurality of recording areas, each divided recording area including an identification area having recorded therein information for identifying the divided recording area, wherein the identification area is further divided into an identification area for recording, used when recording, and an identification area for reproduction, used when reproducing, wherein there is provided read-out means for reading identification information from the identification area for recording when recording and reading identification information from the identification area for reproduction when reproducing, and wherein in the same divided recording area, an identification area for reproduction is placed between an identification area for recording and a data area.

Further, the identification area for reproduction has an error correcting code, and the magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus comprises identification information memory means for storing identification information supplied from outside to specify the data area where data is to be reproduced; data memory means for processing on a first-in first-out basis reproduced data from a magnetic disk; a data buffer for storing data output from the data memory means; error correcting means for correcting errors in the identification information for reproduction, read from the magnetic disk, by the error correcting code, and outputting a "not correctable" signal when error correction is impossible; and data transfer control means for transferring data stored in the data memory means to the data buffer when the error-corrected identification information for reproduction, accords with the identification information supplied from outside, and not transferring data to the data buffer when the error-corrected identification information for reproduction does not accords with the identification information supplied from outside or when a "not correctable" signal is received.

Further, the identification area for reproduction has an error correcting code, and the magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus comprises identification information memory means for storing identification information supplied from outside to specify the data area where data is to be reproduced; a data buffer for storing reproduced data read from the magnetic disk; error correcting means for correcting errors in the identification information for reproduction, read from the magnetic disk, by the error correcting code, and outputting a "not correctable" signal when error correction is impossible; and data invalidating means for invalidating the data transferred to the data buffer when the error-corrected identification information for reproduction does not accord with the identification information for reproduction supplied from outside or when a "not correctable" signal is received.

Further, decoding the identification information for recording is conducted while the magnetic head passes the identification area for reproduction and is finished before data is to be written into the data area corresponding to the identification area for recording.

Further, the identification information for reproduction and data are recorded respectively in the identification area for reproduction and the data area without having intervene between those areas at least any one of a data area indicating a border between the identification area for reproduction and the data area, a gap area between the identification area for reproduction and the data area, a synchronization pattern area, and an area indicating a leading end of the data area.

Further, formatting means is provided by which when formatting, identification information for recording is written during the first rotation, then the written identification information for recording is reproduced during the second rotation, and if the information has been written correctly, during the same rotation, identification information for reproduction is written just behind the identification information for recording.

In the present invention, identification information for recording is added with an error correcting code, the identification area for recording is placed ahead of the identification information area for reproduction, and after the identification information for recording is read, while the magnetic head passes the identification area for reproduction, error detection and correction of the identification information for recording are finished, and therefore, after errors of the identification area for recording have been corrected, data can be written in the data area corresponding to the recording identification area. If error correction of the identification information for recording has failed, or if the recording identification information that has been read differs from what is expected, writing data is terminated, so that data is prevented from being written into a wrong sector.

After the identification information for reproduction has been read, error detection and correction of the identification information for reproduction is conducted, and data which has been read during the error detection and correction of the identification information for reproduction is stored in an FIFO (first-in first-out) memory (the data memory means for processing on a first-in first-out basis), and after the error correction is finished, if the identification information is determined to be information of the object sector, the data in the FIFO unit is transferred to the data buffer for storing data to be sent to the host computer, or if error correction is impossible or the error-corrected identification information is determined not to be information of the object sector, the data in the FIFO unit is invalidated, so that the data area corresponding to the above-mentioned identification area can be read, and wrong data is not transferred to the host computer.

Further, after the identification information for reproduction has been read, error detection and correction of the identification information for reproduction is conducted, and data which has been read during the error detection and correction of the identification information for reproduction is sent to the data buffer, when error correction is impossible or the error-corrected identification information is determined not to be information of the object sector, the data in the data buffer is invalidated, so that the data area corresponding to the above-mentioned identification area can be read, and wrong data is not transferred to the host computer.

Further, in the present invention, since the identification area for recording is placed ahead of the identification area for reproduction, after the identification information for recording is read, Viterbi decoding of the identification information for recording can be executed and finished while the magnetic head passes the identification area for reproduction, and it is not necessary to provide an idle area to gain time for Viterbi coding and correction between the identification area for recording and the data area, with the result that the formatting efficiency is improved.

Further, an identification area for reproduction and a data area are successively placed behind one gap and a synchronization pattern area, so that the gap, the synchronization pattern, etc. which are provided conventionally, can be omitted, and the decrease of the formatting efficiency attributable to the increase to the two identification areas can be reduced.

Further, when formatting, identification information for recording is written during the first rotation, the identification information for recording is read during the next rotation, and after the identification information is compared with its expected value and if its adequacy is verified, identification information for reproduction is written during the same rotation. For this reason, in the same manner as in the conventional formatting method, in the next rotation, only the identification information for recording is checked, so that formatting can be completed with a smaller number of movements (rotations) than the method in which the identification information for reproduction is written during the third rotation after the next.

According to an aspect of the present invention, in a magnetic disk apparatus which uses a dual magnetic head and changes the position the magnetic head for recording and reproducing operations, and under a system of separately providing identification information for recording and identification information for reproduction, designed not to deteriorate the accuracy of detecting an address division when positioning the magnetic head for recording or reproduction, the identification information for recording and the identification information for reproduction are respectively added with an ECC code and an identification area for recording is placed ahead of an identification area for reproduction, and therefore, a little leeway is provided for error correction between the recording identification area and the data area, and when writing data, after errors of the identification area for recording are corrected by ECC, data can be written in the data area placed physically in the same sector without deteriorating the formatting efficiency. It ought to be noted that even in the case where an error correcting code is not added, an effect is offered that the formatting efficiency is high because no gap is required behind the recording identification area.

According to another aspect of the present invention, while errors of the identification area for reproduction are being corrected by ECC, data is stored in the FIFO unit, and after the correction by ECC is finished, and if the identification area for reproduction accords with an object identification information, data is transferred from the FIFO unit to the data buffer, and if the identification information for reproduction does not accords with the object identification information, the data in the FIFO unit is invalidated, and therefore, when reading data, after errors of the identification area for reproduction have been corrected by ECC, since no area needs to be provided to gain time, data can be read from the data area placed physically in the same sector without reducing the formatting efficiency.

Further, according to yet another aspect of the present invention, since the identification area for recording is placed physically ahead of the identification area for reproduction, time can be secured for the maximum likelihood decoding (e.g., Viterbi decoding) and a digital signal process between the recording identification area and the data area, when writing data, after the maximum likelihood decoding of the identification area for recording and the digital signal process are conducted, data can be written in the data area placed in the same sector without reducing the formatting efficiency.

According to a still further aspect of the present invention, since the identification area for recording is placed physically ahead of the identification area for reproduction, when an identification area for reproduction is to be recorded during formatting, before that, the identification area for recording is read and the identification information for recording is compared with an expected value and its adequacy is checked, and after this, an identification information for reproduction can be recorded during the same rotation, with the result that the formatting time can be reduced and moreover, the reliability of the identification areas can be enhanced.

The fourth and fifth objects of the present invention will be described.

According to a technique revealed in JP-A-3-160675, there is a problem in the down-sizing and capacity-increasing of the magnetic disk unit. Because it was necessary to provide twice as much servo information and ID information as in the case where a single head is used both for reading and writing.

The presence of twice as much servo information requires to used an expensive servo writer or formatting the magnetic disk which has to be occupied for a long period of time. Because the format process using such a servo writer continues for long time, the production cost of the magnetic disk unit increases and it is difficult to provide a less expensive disk unit, which has been a problem.

The fourth and fifth objects of the present invention are to solve this problem.

In order to achieve the above object, according to the present invention, there is provided a disk type recording and reproducing apparatus comprising a disk type recording medium, and a dual head including a reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium and a writing head for writing into the disk type recording medium, wherein the disk type recording medium having a plurality of recording tracks, each track having a plurality of sectors, wherein each of the sectors has an data division and an ID division provided ahead of a data division disposed in the circumferential direction of the disk type recording medium, wherein the ID division has recorded thereon identification information of the sector, wherein the ID divisions are provided in positions shifted with respect to each other in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium by the amount of shift between the core centers of the reading head and the writing head, and wherein the data division has identification information of the sector stored is placed in a position ahead of data to be recorded and reproduced.

According to an embodiment of the disk type recording and reproducing apparatus, by providing only a servo area for reading, the memory area of the disk type recording and reproducing apparatus can be utilized to store user data. In this case, to read data, the dual head has only to be controlled such that the reading head is positioned to the center of the track. To write data, it is only necessary to realize control such that the reading and the writing heads of the dual head offset-positioned by the amount of shift between the two heads with the reading head positioned to the center of the track. Meanwhile, if head positioning is done in the range where the linearity of the position signal cannot be maintained, the accuracy with which the magnetic head is positioned to a target position deteriorates, and the track density cannot be increased. So, considering the linearity of the position signal, both the write ID area and the read ID area may be positioned offset with respect to the position signal.

According to this embodiment, both ID areas for writing and reading are provided, but, since ID information for reading is recorded in the data area, in contrast to the case where the ID division for reading is provided independently of the data area, the SYNC area, etc. required to read the read ID division can be removed, so that the storage space for user data is increased.

In this embodiment, the ID divisions need to be recorded on the recording medium by being shifted with respect to each other accurately by the amount of shift between the core centers of those heads and under this condition, offset positioning of the heads is performed. When writing servo data, if a laser length measuring system is used to record the ID divisions, the ID divisions can be recorded in accurate positions and the heads can be offset-positioned in the accurate positions. Also in this case, if the area for ID information and the data area are placed taking the range of linearity of the position signal into consideration, the track density can be increased, and the capacity of the disk type recording and reproducing apparatus can be increased, so that and it is possible to provide a large-capacity disk type recording and reproducing apparatus.

Moreover, when writing servo data, data is recorded on the medium by completing one track after another, but owing to a blur in writing between the adjacent tracks, in case positioning the reading head, there is a possibility that the track center deviates a little from where it was when servo data was written. In anticipation of such a case, if a pattern for measuring a shift between the core centers is recorded on a specific track of the medium and if this pattern is read with the reading head and the writing head, the value of shift between the cores can be measured, and by writing the ID division based on the value of shift, offset positioning of the heads can be achieved.

According to another embodiment, the apparatus is provided with another head with a core width which covers the circumferential widths of the writing head and the reading head, for example. With this head, the ID area is recorded on the medium. By this arrangement, recording the ID area on the medium or rewriting the ID division in the alternate sector process, for example, can be finished by a single operation, so that high-speed processing becomes possible.

According to the present invention described above, it is possible to provide a disk type recording and reproducing apparatus of a large capacity and a small size. The present invention has been described taking the magnetic disk unit for example, but the present invention can be applied to disk type recording media in general, including the optical disk.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A to 1D are configuration diagrams showing the format of the magnetic disk according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 2A to 2D are configuration diagrams showing the format of a conventional magnetic disk;

FIGS. 3A to 3D are configuration diagrams showing the format of another conventional magnetic disk;

FIG. 4 is a configuration diagram of a system according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the ECC block for ID according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 6A to 6C are operation timing charts of the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is other examples of format of the magnetic disk according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 8A to 8D are configuration diagrams showing the format of the magnetic disk according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing the ECC block for ID according to the second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is an operation timing chart of the second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a detailed block diagram of the ECC correction circuit according to the second embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 12A to 12D are configuration diagrams showing the format of the magnetic disk according to a third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing the ECC block for ID according to the third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is an operation timing chart of the third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is an operation timing chart in a fourth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram showing a track format of the magnetic disk unit of the prior art;

FIGS. 17A to 17C are explanatory diagrams showing the record format of the magnetic disk according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of the ECC circuit for identification information and the drive control section according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a small-size disk for realizing a fifth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 20 is an operation timing chart of the fifth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 21 is a timing chart in a case where the maximum likelihood decoding is conducted and identification information for reproduction is written ahead of that for recording;

FIG. 22 is an operation timing chart in a sixth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of a small-size disk for realizing the sixth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 24 is a format operation timing chart in a case where identification information for reproduction is written ahead of that for recording;

FIG. 25 is an operation timing chart in a seventh embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of a small-size disk for realizing an eighth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 27 is an explanatory diagram of head positions for recording and reproduction in the prior art;

FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram regarding how to obtain the amount of shift of the heads with respect to each other;

FIG. 29 is an explanatory diagram showing a format pattern in a ninth embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 30A to 30C are explanatory diagrams showing details of a track format in the ninth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 31 is a flowchart showing a first half of the formatting procedure in the ninth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 32 is a flowchart showing a second half of the formatting procedure in the ninth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 33 is an explanatory diagram showing a format pattern in a tenth embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 34A to 34C are explanatory diagrams showing details of the track format in the tenth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 35 is an explanatory diagram showing the construction of the magnetic head according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 36 is a diagram for explaining the relation between the center of the servo signal and the center of the data area using a two-phase servo as an example;

FIG. 37 is a block diagram showing the construction of the magnetic disk unit;

FIG. 38 is an explanatory diagram showing the conventional format pattern; and

FIGS. 39A to 39C are explanatory diagrams showing details of the conventional track format.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1A to 1D, 4, 5, 6A to 6C, and 7.

FIGS. 1A to 1D are diagrams showing a record format of the magnetic disk according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1A shows an index signal, one period of which corresponds to one rotation of the disk. The pulse spacing of the index signal corresponds to a track length, and the track length is divided into a plurality of sectors. FIG. 1B shows sector pulses which occur at every sector. FIG. 1C is a diagram showing a record format, and FIG. 1D is an enlarged view of the record format in each sector.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the configuration of a system which realizes the first embodiment. Reference numeral 101 denotes a hard disk controller (HDC) for controlling the format and read/write operation of the hard disk, 102 denotes a CPU for controlling a servo control circuit 107 and the HDC 101, 103 denotes a host interface for transferring data to the host computer, 104 denotes a data buffer for temporarily storing data received through the SCSI bus from the host computer or data received from the drive, 109 denotes a hard disk, 108 denotes a head for reading magnetic information on the hard disk and converting it into electrical signal information, 106 denotes a read/write control circuit for converting an analog signal read by the head 108 and converting it into a digital signal, 105 denotes an encoder/decoder for converting a digital signal such as a 1-7 code converted by the read/write circuit 106 into an NRZ signal or an NRZ signal supplied from the HDC 101 into a code formed taking the characteristics of the hard disk into consideration, such as a 1-7 code.

The HDC 101 comprises a host interface control section 110 for controlling the host interface, a drive control section 111 for controlling the encoder/decoder 105 and controlling writing and reading on the hard disk, an ECC control section 112 for calculating an error correcting code to be added to data which is written on the hard disk or performing an error detection calculation on data read from the hard disk, and correcting an error if there is in the data, a buffer control section 113 for controlling the data buffer 104, and a CPU input/output control section 114 for controlling transmission of information from CPU to the host interface control section 110, the drive control section 111, the ECC control section 112 and the buffer control section 113. And, the ECC control section 112 includes an ECC block 115 for data and an ECC block 116 for ID. Numeral 121 denotes a drive data input line for inputting a signal read from the hard disk to the drive control section in the form of an NRZ signal, 122 denotes a drive data output line for outputting data to be written on the hard disk in the form of an NRZ signal, 123 denotes a write gate which becomes active when data is going to be written on the hard disk, 124 denotes a read gate which becomes active when data is going to be read from the hard disk, 120 denotes a data input line for inputting data for ECC calculation to the ECC control section, and also serves as a signal line for inputting data from the hard disk or data sent through the SCSI bus from the host computer into the ECC arithmetic section. Numeral 119 denotes an ECC output line for transferring an ECC calculation result, which is to be written on the disk in a write operation, to the drive control section, 118 denotes an accord signal indicating that the ECC correction result of ID area accords with ID being searched, 117 denotes a discord signal indicating that the ECC correction result of ID area does not accord with ID being searched. Numeral 125 denotes a CPU setting signal line by which the CPU sets an expected value of ID or the like. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the ECC block for ID. Numeral 126 denotes an ID register for storing an ID number of a sector set by the CPU setting signal line 125, where data is to be read or written, and outputting the ID number on an ID signal 136, and 128 denotes a CRC code generating circuit for generating a CRC code to be added to the ID area from the ID signal 136 and outputting the CRC code as a CRC signal 137. Numeral 127 denotes a ECC signal generating circuit for generating an ECC code from the ID signal 136 and the CRC signal 137 and outputting the ECC code to an ECC signal 138. Numeral 130 denotes a selector for selecting one of the ID signal 136, the CRC signal 137, and the ECC signal 138 to output onto an ECC output line 119. Numeral 131 denotes a control circuit for controlling output timing of the ID register 126 and the selector 130. Numeral 132 denotes a comparator which compares ID information read from the hard disk and input from the data input line 120 with an expected value of ID information input from the ECC output line 119, and if they accord with each other, controls an increment signal to be "false" and if they do not accord with each other, controls the increment signal to be "true". Numeral 133 denotes a counter which counts up when the increment signal 140 is "true" and outputs the count on a count signal 141, 134 denotes a comparator which compares the count signal 141 and a correctable symbol number 135 and when the count signal 141 is greater than the correctable symbol number 135 at the end of code comparison, outputs a discord signal 117, and when the count signal 141 is smaller than the correctable symbol number 135, outputs an accord signal 118.

The ECC block for ID operates as shown in FIGS. 6A to 6C. When writing ID, as shown in FIG. 6A, the control circuit 131 controls the selector control signal 139 to be 1 so that the value of the ID register set by the CPU is first output on the ECC output line 119. In the cases shown in FIGS. 6A to 6C, "00000000" in hexadecimal notation is output onto the ECC output line 119. At the same time, the CRC code generating circuit 128 and the ECC code generating circuit 127 respectively divide the supplied value of the ID register by a generating polynomial GCRC (x) of the CRC code and a generating polynomial GECC(x) of the ECC code and obtain the remainder. On completion of outputting the value of the ID register, the control circuit 131 controls the selector control signal so as to be 2 so that the calculation result of the CRC code is output to the ECC output line 119. In the cases of FIGS. 6A to 6C, since the remainder of the division of "00000000" by GCRC(x) is "00", "00" is output onto the ECC output line 119. The ECC code generating circuit 127 further divides the calculation result of the CRC code by the generating polynomial GECC(x) and obtains the remainder. When finishing outputting the calculation result of the CRC code, the control circuit 131 controls the selector control signal to be 3 so that the calculation result of the ECC code is output onto the ECC output line 119. In the cases of FIGS. 6A to 6C, since the remainder of a division of "0000000000" by GECC(x) is "0000", "0000" is output onto the ECC output line 119. The drive control circuit 111 asserts the write gate 123 so that "00000000000000" on the ECC output line 119 is output on the drive data output line 122 and "00000000000000" is written on the hard disk.

When ID is read and data is read or written on the hard disk, operations take place as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C. Synchronized with a timing of reading ID data from the data input line 120, the control circuit 131 controls the ECC code generating circuit 127, the CRC code generating circuit 128 and the selector circuit 130, and outputs an expected value of ID information to the ECC output line 119. In the cases of FIGS. 6A to 6C, "00000000000000" is output on the ECC output line 119. The comparator 132 compares ID information read from the hard disk with the expected value of ID information on the ECC output line 119, and if those pieces of information discord with each other, the counter 133 increments by one. In the case of FIG. 6B, since data read from the hard disk is "0001000100000000" in hexadecimal notation, supposing that one symbol is four bits, the count of the counter is 2 at the end of comparison. If an ECC code which is of a two-symbol-correctable type, in the case of FIG. 6B, because the count 2 of the counter does not exceed the correctable symbol number 2, the comparator 134 outputs an "accordance" signal 118 at the end of comparison. By this signal, the drive control section 111 asserts the write gate or the read gate to enable data to be read or written on the hard disk. By control arranged as described, in this first embodiment, the ECC correction of the ID area can be finished before access is made to the data area placed just behind the ID area, and therefore, even if a data area corresponding to the ID area is placed just behind the ID area, after ECC error correction of the ID area has been finished, data can be read from or written into the data area corresponding to the ID area without any rotational delay. In the case of FIG. 6C, since the data read from the hard disk is "00000000010B4800", supposing that one symbol is four bits, the count of the counter at the end of comparison is 4. In the case of FIG. 6C, since up to two symbols can be corrected, the comparator 134 outputs a discordance signal 117 at the end of comparison. In response to this signal, the drive control section 111 does not asserts the write gate or the read gate, nor does it perform a read/write operation of data on the hard disk. By such control, in the first embodiment, the ECC error correction of the ID area is limited to the number of correctable symbols, leaving no chances of malfunctioning. This embodiment is possible even if any of the formats organized as shown in FIG. 7 are used. The contents of for the separation into ECC1 and ECC2 is that ECC1 is the ECC code for the C, H and S records and ECC2 is the ECC code for the F record. This embodiment is compatible with any ID area formats.

A second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 4, 8A to 8D, 9, 10 and 11.

FIGS. 8A to 8D are diagrams showing a recording format of the magnetic disk according to the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8A shows an index signal, one period of which corresponds to one rotation of the magnetic disk. The pulse spacing of the index signal corresponds to a track length, and one track length is divided into a plurality of sectors. FIG. 8B shows sector pulses which occur at every sector. FIG. 8C shows a recording format, and FIG. 8D shows an enlarged view of the recording format of each sector.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the configuration of a system which realizes the first embodiment, and FIG. 4 also serves as a diagram showing the system configuration which realizes the second embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the ECC block for ID. Numeral 201 denotes an ID register for storing an ID number of a sector set by the earlier-mentioned CPU setting signal 125, where data is to be read or written, and outputting the ID number on the ID signal 202, and 203 denotes an ECC correction circuit for ECC correction on ID information read out through the data input line 120. When the ID information is correctable, the ECC correction circuit instantly corrects its error and outputs the error-corrected ID information on an ID corrected signal 204, or if the ID information is not correctable, the ECC correction circuit outputs an ECC-NG signal 205 to the CPU. Numeral 206 denotes a comparator which compares the ID signal 202 and the ID corrected signal 204, and if those signals accord with each other and the ECC-NG signal 205 is not "true", the comparator asserts the accord signal 118. FIG. 11 is a detailed block diagram of the ECC correction circuit 203. Numeral 208 denotes a shift register, and data is shifted in the order of 00→01→02→03→10→11→12→13.fwdarw. . . . FIG. 10 is the operation timing chart of the detailed block diagram in FIG. 11, and shows a case where a burst error of "000000111100 . . . " is superposed on a code of "0000000000000000 . . . ". In the elements "03, 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, 73, 83, 93, A3, B3" of the shift register 208, bits "000000010000" are stored at the timing (a) in FIG. 10. At S0, S1, S2 and S4, the binary voltage levels are 0,1,1,1, and as a result, at 2045 the signal is at an inverted level of the level at 73. The points 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2046, 2047 and 2048 have the binary digits at the elements B3, A3, 93, 83, 63, 53, and 43. By the operation as described, the ID corrected signal 204 has a code "0000000000000000 . . . . " as the result of correction and is output at timings (a), (b), (c), and (d) in FIG. 10. By control implemented as described, in the second embodiment, the ECC error correction of the ID area can be finished before access is made to the data area placed just behind the ID area. Therefore, even when the data area corresponding to the ID area is placed just behind the ID area, after the ECC error correction of the ID area has been finished, a read/write operation on the data area corresponding to the ID area can be conducted without any rotational delay.

Next, a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 4, 12A to 12D, 13, and 14.

FIGS. 12A to 12D are diagrams for showing the recording format of the magnetic disk according to the third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12A shows an index signal, one period of which corresponds to one rotation of the disk. The spacing of the index pulses corresponds to a track length, and one track length is divided into a plurality of sectors. FIG. 12B shows the sector pulses which occur at every sector. FIG. 12C is a diagram showing the recording format, and an enlarged recording format is shown in FIG. 12D.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the system configuration which realizes the first embodiment of the present invention, but it also serves as a diagram showing the system configuration which realizes a third embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of the ECC block 116 for ID. Numeral 301 denotes an ID register for storing an ID number of a sector set by the earlier-mentioned CPU setting signal 125, where data is read or written, and outputting the ID number on an ID signal 302, and 303 denotes a CRC checker which performs CRC check on the ID information read through the data input line 120, and if the result of CRC check is normal, controls the normalcy signal 305 to be "true", or if the result of CRC check shows an error, controls the normalcy signal 305 to be "false". Numeral 304 denotes a comparator which compares the ID number of the sector supplied by the ID signal 302, where data is to be read or written and the ID number read from hard disk and supplied through the data input line 120, and if they accord with each other, controls the ID accord signal 304 to be "true" or if they discord with each other, controls the ID accord signal to be "false". Numeral 307 denotes a latch which is set when the ID accord signal 306 and the normalcy signal 305 are both "true", and outputs an accord signal 118.

The operation of the third embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 14. Suppose that "00000000" is set by the CPU as the ID number of the sector on which a read/write operation is performed. The ID register 301 outputs "00000000" twice onto the ID signal at the timing of input of ID information through the data input line 120. Suppose that "0000000010" is read as the first ID information as an error enters through the data input line 120. Since the ID signal 302 and the ID number supplied by the data input line accord with each other, the comparator 304 controls the ID accord signal 306 to be "true". However, because the result of CRC check shows an error, the normalcy signal 305 is not "true". Suppose if "0000000000" is read as the second ID information, because the ID signal 302 and the information on the data input line 120 accord with each other, the comparator 304 controls the ID accord signal 306 to be "true". In addition, since the result of CRC check turns out to be normal, the normalcy signal 305 becomes "true" and the latch 307 is set so that the accord signal 118 is "true". By control arranged as described, in the third embodiment, if one of two pieces of ID information in the ID area is read correctly, data of the sector can be read correctly, thus making it possible to improve the reliability of ID information. As an accord/discord decision can be finished before access is made to the data area placed just behind the ID area, even if a data area corresponding to the ID area is placed just behind the ID area, even when an error occurs in data in the ID area, data can be read from or written in the data area corresponding to the ID area without deterioration of access time to perform the read/write operation. Note that though ID information is put twice in the ID area, the ID information may be stored three or more times repeatedly.

A fourth embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 15, 4, 17A to 17C, and 18. FIGS. 17A to 17C are diagrams showing the recording format of the magnetic disk according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 17A shows sector pulses which occur at every sector. FIG. 17B shows a recording format, and FIG. 17C is an enlarged view of the recording format of the ID area of each sector. FIG. 4 shows the first embodiment and also shows the configuration of a system for realizing the fourth embodiment. This embodiment shows a case where the present invention is applied to a small-size disk serving as a magnetic recording and reproducing unit.

This small-size disk comprises a hard disk controller 101 (referred to as HDC for short; functions as the control circuit and reading means for the magnetic recording and reproducing unit) for controlling the format, read and write operations on the hard disk, CPU102 (data transfer control means, data invalidating means, format means) for controlling the servo control circuit 107 and the HDC101, a host interface 103 for transferring data to the host computer, a data buffer 104 for temporarily storing data received through the SCSI bus from the host computer or data received from the drive controller, a disk 7 for storing data, a dual head 6 including a recording head for converting electrical signal information into magnetic information on the disk 7 and a reproducing head for reading magnetic information on the disk and converting it into electrical signal information, a read/write control circuit 106 for converting an analog signal read with the dual head 6 into a digital signal or a digital signal to be written on the disk into an analog signal, and an encoder/decoder for converting a digital signal such as a 1-7 code converted by the read/write control circuit 106 into an NRZ signal or converting an NRZ signal supplied from the HDC101 into a code formed taking the characteristics of the disk 7 into consideration, such as a 1-7 code.

The HDC 101 comprises a host interface control section 110 for controlling the host interface, a drive control section (read-out directive outputting means) 3111 for controlling the encoder/decoder 105 and controlling writing and reading on the disk 7, an ECC control section (error correcting means) 112 for calculating an error correcting code to be added to data which is written on the disk 7 or performing an error detection calculation on data read from the disk 7, and correcting an error if there is in the data, a buffer control section 113 for controlling the data buffer 104, and a CPU input/output control section 114 for controlling transmission of information from CPU to the host interface control section 110, the drive control section 111, the ECC control section 112 and the buffer control section 113. And. the ECC control section 112 includes an ECC block 115 for data and an ECC block 116 for ID.

Numeral 121 denotes a drive data input line for inputting in the form of an NRZ signal a signal read from the hard disk to the drive control section, 122 denotes a drive data output line for outputting in the form of an NRZ signal data to be written on the hard disk, 123 denotes a write gate which becomes active when data is going to be written on the disk 7, 124 denotes a read gate which becomes active when data is going to be read from the disk 7, and 120 denotes a data input line for inputting data for ECC calculation to the ECC control section and also serves as a signal line for inputting data from the disk 7 or data sent through the SCSI bus from the host computer into the ECC arithmetic section. Numeral 119 denotes an ECC output line for outputting the result of ECC calculation, which is to be written on the disk in an write operation, 118 denotes an accord signal indicating that the ECC correction result of the ID area accords with the ID being searched, 117 denotes a discord signal indicating that the ECC correction result of the ID area does not accord with the ID being searched. Numeral 125 denotes a CPU setting signal by which the CPU sets an expected value of ID or the like. Numeral 126 denotes data (ECC-NG signal 410, etc.) transferred between the ECC control section 112 and the CPU input/output control section 114.

The ID division provided on the magnetic disk will be described with reference to FIG. 15. FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing a track format. A track is divided into a plurality of sectors (recording areas), and each sector has written therein an ID (identification) area for recording 3011, an ID (identification) area for reproduction 3012, and a data division (data area) 3013 of a fixed length. Since the sector servo system is used, a servo signal division, not shown, is written, too. Described in the above-mentioned two ID areas are a synchronization pattern signal (SYNC), an area showing a leading end of each area (AMI), a cylinder number (C), a head number (H), a sector number (S), a flag (F) showing whether or not the sector is defective, etc. The ID areas have data already recorded before the magnetic disk is shipped, and can be rewritten while in use.

The same contents are written in the recording ID area 3011 and the reproduction ID area 3012 as in the conventional magnetic disk. The recording ID area 3011 and the reproduction ID area 3012 are located offset by the amount of positional shift (δ) between the recording head and the reproducing head. If, in a recording operation, the reproducing head is positioned to the recording ID area, the recording head 3005 can be positioned to the center position of writing. In a reproduction operation, the reproducing head 3004 is positioned to the reproduction ID area 3012. In the manner as described, by selectively using the two ID areas between the recording and reproducing operations, even if the positions of the heads are changed between the recording and reproducing operations, an ID division can always be detected without any positional shift.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an ECC block 3116 for ID and a drive control section 3111. Numeral 3401 denotes an ID register (identification information memory means) for storing an ID number of a register set by the above-mentioned CPU setting signal 3125, where information is to be read or written, and outputting the ID number on the ID signal 3402, 3403 denotes an ECC correction circuit for performing ECC correction on ID information read through the data input line 3120, and outputting a corrected ID information on an ID corrected signal 3404 when error is correctable or an ECC-NG signal 3410 to the CPU when the error is not correctable. Numeral 3412 denotes a CRC checker which performs CRC check on the ID corrected signal 3404, and if the result of CRC check is OK, controls a CRC error signal 3413 to be "false" or if the result of CRC check shows an error, controls the CRC error signal 3413 to be "true". Numeral 3405 denotes a comparator which compares the ID signal 3402 and the ID corrected signal 3404, and if they accord with each other and the ECC-NG signal 3410 is "false" and the CRC error signal 3413 is "false", asserts an accord signal 3118, or if they discord with each other or the ECC-NG signal 3410 is "true" or the CRC error signal 3413 is "true", asserts a discord signal 3117. Numeral 3407 denotes an FIFO unit for temporarily storing data read from the data area while ECC decision/correction is in progress, 3408 denotes a gate for performing control of whether or not to output data accumulated in the FIFO unit to the data buffer according to the value of the accord signal 3118. Numeral 3406 denotes a R/W register showing whether data is being read or written, and if the R/W register 3406 shows "read", the read mode signal 3411 is "true". When the R/W register 3406 shows "write", the read mode signal 3411 becomes "false". Numeral 3129 denotes an ID read-in timing signal which is asserted when ID is read in.

The operation of the fourth embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 15. Generally, when a burst error is corrected by hardware, error correction requires about the same time as time taken for reading data. Furthermore, when CRC check is adopted, after errors are corrected, CRC check needs to be conducted, so that an additional time of about the same length as time for reading data is required.

Description will start with the operation in writing data. In the fourth embodiment, a recording ID area is placed ahead of a reproduction ID area, and therefore, when writing data, after ID information is read in, while the dual head passes the reproduction ID area, the error correction and CRC check of the recording ID area can be finished. If, at the end of CRC check, the ID corrected signal 3404 and the ID signal 3402 accord with each other and the CRC error signal 3413 and the ECC-NG signal 3410 are both "false", the comparator 3405 asserts an accord signal 3118. In a data write operation, the read mode signal 3411 is set to be "false", so that the write gate 3123 is asserted.

The operation in reading data will next be described. Also when data is read, ID information is first read in, and then, the ID information is subjected to error correction and CRC check. When data is read, there is no time for error correction and CRC check before the data area starts to be read by the head. Therefore, at the start of the data area, the read gate 3124 is asserted unconditionally, and data read in is accumulated in the FIFO unit 3407. After error correction is finished, if CRC check is OK, the accord signal 3118 is asserted, the gate 3408 is put in the open state to allow data to be transferred from the FIFO unit 3407 to the data buffer. When error correction is impossible or CRC check ends with an error having been detected, the discord signal 3117 is asserted, and the read gate 3124 is negated. The accord signal 3118 is kept negated, so that the gate 3408 stays in a state unable to output. By abandoning data in the FIFO unit 3407, data on a wrong sector is prevented from being read in. By control arranged as described, in the fourth embodiment, even if a data area corresponding to the ID area is placed just behind the ID area, after ECC correction of the ID area has been finished, data can be read from or written in the data area corresponding to the ID area without any rotational delay.

In the fourth embodiment, CPU3102 which functions as the data transfer control means, data invalidating means and format means, is installed outside HDC3101, but the present invention is not limited to this arrangement, so that CPU3102 may be included in HDC3101.

In the fourth embodiment, by the work of the servo division, the recording head and the reproducing head are shifted with respect to each other by a positional shift (δ) between them, and therefore, the heads are locked in this positional arrangement over the subsequent ID division and the data division, so that the ID division can be read at the most adequate position both in recording and reproducing operations. Positioning of the heads is done by the servo control circuit shown in FIG. 4.

An example of the method for obtaining δ will be cited in the following. For instance, the positional discrepancy between the recording head and the reproducing head can be measured directly by SEM (scanning electron microscope) or the like, but the physical shape and the reproduced area do not necessarily agree with each other. For this reason, it is desirable to obtain the positional shift from reproduced output as shown in FIG. 28. In FIG. 28, when the reproducing head (R) 3004 and the recording head (W) 3005 are located with a certain positional shift, by changing the head position (X) with respect to a recorded position (X=0) as the datum, the recorded data is reproduced. By this operation, a relation between reproduced output (V) and the head position (X) is obtained. Output points A and B, which are a fixed value (ΔV) lower than the maximum output value, are obtained, and from positions X_(A) and X_(B), the value of positional shift (ΔX) is obtained as (X_(A) +X_(B))/2. Or otherwise, tangent lines (differential values of output) are drawn at points X_(A) and X_(B), and from the point of intersection, the positional shift (ΔX) can be obtained (FIG. 28). The above-mentioned methods can be used with a disk unit having the heads mounted as described. Therefore, the positional shift between the heads can be obtained automatically when servo information is recorded, for example, which results in an improved productivity.

A fifth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 19, 20 and 21. FIG. 19 is a diagram showing the configuration of a system for realizing the fifth embodiment. This system configuration diagram is almost identical with FIG. 4 showing the system construction of the first embodiment, excepting that the ECC control section 3112 is related only to ECC for the data division, and that the read/write control circuit 3106 includes the digital filter 3126 and the Viterbi decoder 3127.

Using FIG. 21, description will be made of problems accompanying a case where the ID for reproduction is written ahead of the ID for recording. As shown in FIG. 21, the use of a digital signal process and Viterbi decoding improves the data reproduction capability and reliability, but the process with a digital filter and the Viterbi decoding process take time, so that a delay time is required from when data is read in until the data is recognized by the HDC. For a while after ID for recording is read until the HDC recognizes that this ID information agrees with the ID of a sector as the destination, the Data cannot be written on the disk 3007. As a result, it is necessary to put an invalid area between the ID area for recording and the data area as shown in FIG. 21, so that the overall format efficiency falls.

Referring to FIG. 20, the second embodiment will be described next. When data is written, after an ID for recording is read before the head proceeds to the data area, there is an ID for reproduction, and while the head is passing the ID for reproduction, the ID for recording can be recognized, so that data can be written in the data area without an invalid area being required. When data is read, it takes time for the ID for reproduction to be recognized, but likewise the digital filter process on the data area and Viterbi decoding take time, so that no problem arises when an ID area for reproduction and a data area are arranged continuously. As illustrated, the delay by Viterbi decoding and the digital signal process can be lessened by arranging an ID for recording physically ahead of the ID for reproduction.

A sixth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 22 and 23. FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the configuration of a system for realizing the sixth embodiment. This system configuration diagram is almost identical with FIG. 4 showing the system configuration of the fourth embodiment, excepting that an ECC control section 3112 is only related to ECC for the data division, and that an FIFO unit 3128 for storing data read from the drive is installed in the drive control section.

The sixth embodiment will be described next with reference to FIG. 22. The separate provision of ID for recording and ID for reproduction so as to correspond to the construction of the dual head 3006 gives rise to problems of an increased ID area and a decreased formatting efficiency. In the sixth embodiment, when data is written, the ID area for recording is read, and if the ID information agrees with the ID of an object sector, ID for reproduction and data are written successively. When data is read, the ID area for reproduction and the data area are read successively, and data is input into the FIFO 3128. If the ID information is information to be written in the object sector, the data stored in the FIFO 3128 is transferred to the data buffer 3104. If the ID information is not information to be written in the object sector, the data stored in the FIFO 3128 is invalidated. Since the ID for reproduction and data can be read with the same reading head, by performing control as described, if the ID for recording is placed physically ahead of the ID for reproduction, the synchronization pattern area (DATA SYNC, DATA AMI) between the ID area for reproduction and the data area can be omitted.

Then, a seventh embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 24 and 25. The seventh embodiment concerns formatting. FIGS. 24 and 25 are schematic diagrams showing the track format.

Referring to FIG. 24, description will be made of problems with a case where the ID for reproduction is written. As shown in FIG. 24, in formatting, in the first rotation, the center of the recording head 3005 is positioned to the recording ID writing line 3014 and a recording ID division 2--2 is recorded. In the second rotation, the center of the reproducing head 3004 is positioned to the recording ID writing line 3014 and the recording ID 2--2 is checked to read if it has been written correctly. In the third rotation, with regard to the ID number written correctly, the recording head 3005 is positioned to the reproduction ID writing line 3015, and the reproduction ID and data are written. In the final fourth rotation, the center of the reproducing head 3004 is positioned to the reproduction ID writing line 3015 and the reproduction ID and data are checked to read if they have been written correctly. In the case where ID for reproduction is written first as described above, a minimum time of four rotations and the head positioning time is required to format one track. To know whether the recording ID and the reproduction ID accord with each other, there is no other way but to count the number of sectors from the start of writing.

Next, a case where ID for recording is written first will be described with reference to FIG. 25. As shown in FIG. 25, in formatting, in the first rotation, the center of the recording head 3005 is positioned to the recording ID writing line 3014 and the recording ID division 2--2 is recorded. In the second rotation, the center of the reproducing head 3004 is positioned to the recording ID writing line 3014, and the recording ID division 2--2 is checked to read if it has been written correctly. In addition, at this time, the recording head 3005 is positioned to the reproduction ID writing line 3015, and the reproduction ID and data are written. In the final third rotation, the reproducing head 3004 is positioned to the reproduction ID writing line 3015, and the reproduction ID and data are checked to read if they have been written correctly. In the case where ID for recording is written first, formatting one track can be done in a minimum time of three rotations and the head positioning time. And, ID for reproduction can be written after the ID for recording is read and confirmed, which results in an improvement of reliability of ID.

An eighth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 26. FIG. 26 is a diagram showing the configuration of a system for realizing the eighth embodiment. This system configuration diagram is almost identical with FIG. 4 showing the system configuration of the fourth embodiment, excepting that the buffer control section 3113 includes a pointer 3130 showing the address of a data buffer and a pointer start position register 3132 for storing the start position of the pointer of the sector. The operation in recording data is the same as in the fourth embodiment. When data is reproduced, ECC correction of the ID for reproduction is performed. If the data area starts to be read by the head while ECC correction is in progress, the moment data starts to be read data, the value "a" of the pointer indicating an address of the data buffer is stored in the pointer start position register 3132. Data read from the disk 3007 is sent through the drive control section 3111 and the buffer control section 3113, and written from the address "a" of the data buffer 3104. At the end of ECC correction of the ID for reproduction, if the ECC correction is successful and the corrected value of the ID for reproduction is the same as the expected value of ID, the data to be read out continues to be read and transferred to the data buffer. At the end of ECC correction of the ID for reproduction, the ECC correction turns out a failure or if the corrected value of the ID for reproduction does not accord with the expected ID value, reading data is terminated and the transfer of read-out data to the data buffer is terminated, too. Then, the value "a" of the pointer start position register 3132 is loaded in the pointer and a start of the next sector is waited. By the arrangement described, data of the next sector is written again from the address "a" of the data buffer. By control implemented as described, in the eighth embodiment, even if a data area corresponding to the ID area is placed just behind the ID area, after the ECC correction of the ID area is finished, data can be read or written in the data area corresponding to the ID area without any rotational delay. Furthermore, wrong data is prevented from being transferred to the host computer.

Yet another embodiment of the disk type recording and reproducing apparatus according to the present invention will be described taking its application to a magnetic disk unit as an example.

This embodiment relates to a magnetic disk unit which is provided with a dual head and which positions the magnetic head by the data surface servo system.

A ninth embodiment of the present invention will be described.

FIG. 29 shows a format pattern of the magnetic disk type recording medium according to this embodiment.

In FIG. 29, numeral 5101 denotes the magnetic head viewed from a direction perpendicular to the disk surface. This magnetic head is a dual head including a writing head 5102 and a reading head 5103. As mentioned earlier, the use of a dual head is accompanied by a problem of shift between the core centers of the writing head 5102 and the reading head 5103. The reason is that currently the following accuracy of the head permissible in reading and writing data with the magnetic head is 0.5 μmpp, but the shift of the core centers that occurs in the manufacturing process is as large as about 2 μm.

As shown in FIG. 29, the format pattern in this embodiment is formed by a servo area 5105 for servo control over the data surface and a data area 5106. The data area includes an ID division 5107 and a data division 5108. The ID division 5107 is located in a position shifted with respect to the servo area 5105 and the data division 5108 by the amount of shift between the core centers of the writing head 5102 and the reading head 5103.

In this case, only one servo area 5105 for servo control of the data surface is provided for common use in writing and reading. The center line of the servo area 5105 coincides with the center line of the data area 5108. In a reading operation, the heads can be positioned in the same as in the conventional manner, that is, by reading the servo information in the servo area 5105 and the ID information in the ID area 5109 of the data division with the reading head 5103. In formatting, the amount of shift between the core centers of the writing head 5102 and the reading head 5103 is first obtained. When writing, the signal strength, as the target of positioning, of the position signal of the servo area 5105 to be read with the reading head 5103 is set so that the reading head 5103 is positioned offset by the offset amount X between the core centers, and as a result, the reading head 5103 is positioned to coincide with the center of the write ID 5107 and the writing head is positioned to coincide with the center of the data division 5108. The positioning as described above is referred to as offset positioning. By offset positioning, when writing data, the reading head 5103 reads the write ID division 5107 and the writing head 5102 can write data correctly in the data division 5108.

In this embodiment, only the ID division for writing is provided in advance, and ID for reading is added as ID information 5109 at the lead of the data division. By so doing, in contrast to a case where ID information for reading is provided in the ID division, information such as SYNC, AM, PAD, W.SPLICE other than fundamental information such as a sector address can be obviated.

Therefore, unlike with the conventional magnetic disk unit using a dual head, the capacity for storing user data can be increased in the whole disk unit.

FIGS. 30A to 30C show details of the format pattern.

Those portions shown in FIGS. 30A to 30C are the same as those portions shown in FIGS. 39A to 39C using the same names.

As shown in FIGS. 30A to 30C, in this embodiment, ID information for reading is included in the data area. Therefore, though the number of bytes of the write ID area to represent the same contents of ID information amounts to 31 bytes because the write ID area has to include additional information, such as GAP, etc. required for existence of this write ID area. In contrast, the memory capacity for ID information for reading has only to be no more than seven bytes, which is one-fourth of the capacity for ID information for writing. Accordingly, in a magnetic disk unit adopting a dual head, if this format is used, the sector capacity is 642 bytes.

On the other hand, if both write and read ID areas are provided in the conventional disk unit, the sector memory capacity amounts to about 666 bytes. This means that according to this embodiment, a sector with a smaller capacity, specifically 24 bytes (about 4%) smaller than the capacity of the conventional sector can store the same amount of user data as in the conventional sector.

As described above, by using the format shown in FIG. 29, a large-capacity magnetic disk unit compatible with the dual head can be realized.

In the format shown in FIGS. 30A to 30C, only one piece of HEADER information each is provided for writing and reading, respectively. However, because today the recording medium is acquiring a progressively higher density and the bit error rate is deteriorating, in order to avoid the ID unreadability at sector addresses resulting from bit errors, HEADER information may be recorded more than once successively both for read ID and write ID.

Also, in the ECC area in the data area, ECC data, including ID information for reading and user data, may be stored. Or otherwise, the ID information for reading and data may be added respectively with special purpose ECC data. By this arrangement, the reliability of ID information is improved, so that the verification step of the ID information, which has conventionally been performed each time ID information is written, may be omitted in the case of ID information for reading. Furthermore, the reliability of the write ID area may be enhanced by adding ECC data to CRC data in the write ID area.

The format used with the magnetic disk unit in the ninth embodiment has been described. Description will now be made of a format process to realize this format.

The format process is a series of steps, such as assigning addresses to the sectors on the recording medium, verification to check if recorded data can be read correctly from the medium to detect defects of the medium, and the alternate sector process and the alternate track process, which prevent sectors or tracks having defective portions from place of used to store user data.

The format process is performed as described in the following.

FIGS. 31 and 32 show the procedures of the format process.

When data is written in the servo area by a servo writer prior to the format process, the amount of shift between the core centers is recorded on an ROM or the magnetic disk recording medium in the magnetic disk unit. The amount of shift of the core centers is measured as follows. Specifically, the position of the writing head is measured accurately by a laser-applied length measuring system (a laser length measuring system) and data is recorded on a track on the medium. Then, the magnetic head is moved to a position where the output of a read signal of data with the reading head is maximum. The amount of travel of the magnetic head is the amount of shift between the two cores, and this amount is recorded on the ROM or the recording medium. Or otherwise, servo information is recorded on the medium with the writing head, the servo information recorded on the medium is read with the reading head, and from a measured shift between the expected value of output of servo information and the output value of the actual servo signal, a shift between the centers of the writing and the reading heads is obtained, and this shift information has only to be recorded on the magnetic disk recording medium or the ROM.

In executing an actual format process, the recorded shift between the core centers of the dual head is input to the controller (chiefly the CPU) in the magnetic disk unit (Step 5301). Or, instead of previously recording the shift between the core centers of the dual head, a pattern for measuring a shift between the core centers of the dual head is recorded on a specific track on the medium, and each time a power is supplied to the disk unit or at fixed periods, the magnetic head is moved to this track to measure a shift between the core centers, and it stored RAM etc. into controller and in a format process, the measured shift is input into the controller in the magnetic disk unit.

In order to start formatting, the cylinder number is set to 0 (5302) and the head number to 0 (5303). The writing head is positioned to record ID for writing at the object cylinder and head (5304). This can be done by positioning the reading head to the center of the servo area.

The write ID areas at the object cylinder and head are recorded for one round of a track on the medium (5305).

Next, the head number is incremented by one (5306). If at this time the magnetic head number is not larger than the number of heads provided in the disk unit, the write ID areas are recorded continuously at the same cylinder on the medium (5307). If the head number is larger, the cylinder number is incremented by one (5308). If the cylinder number is not larger than the number of cylinders provided, the write ID areas are recorded on the tracks of this cylinder (5309). If the cylinder number is larger than the number of cylinders provided, this means that the write ID areas have been recorded on all disk surfaces.

Then, the read ID information is recorded on the medium. In this writing operation, by taking the amount of shift between the core centers into consideration, the reading and the writing heads are positioned offset with respect to each other in such a way that the center of the writing head is positioned to the center of the track. Like the write ID areas, the data areas including ID information for reading are recorded (5310 to 5319).

Then, to detect defects on the medium, the verification process is performed.

However, while the data areas are being recorded on the medium, the reading head passes right above the write ID areas previously recorded on all disk surfaces, and if the write ID areas are read and verified when they are passed, the formatting time can be reduced (5313 to 5315).

When any problem is detected in the write ID areas by this verification, if there remains an alternate sector, an alternate process is executed, and if there is no alternate sector remaining, an alternate track process is executed (5315).

If no problem is found in the write ID areas, the magnetic head number is incremented by one (5316). If at this time the magnetic head number is not larger than the number of heads provided, the data area including ID information for reading is recorded continuously on the medium (5317). If the magnetic head number is larger, the cylinder number is incremented by one (5318). In this case, too, if the cylinder number is not larger than the number of cylinders provided, the data areas including ID information for reading are recorded on the tracks of this next cylinder (5319). If the cylinder number is larger than the number of cylinders provided, this means that the data areas including ID information have been recorded on all disk surfaces.

Finally, as in the verification of the write ID areas, the data areas including ID information for reading, recorded on all disk surfaces, are verified (5320 to 5329).

The format as shown in FIG. 29 has thus been realized.

The ID divisions may be recorded at the same time when the servo divisions are recorded. By so doing, the ID divisions can be recorded more accurately.

By the format process according to this ninth embodiment, while the write ID areas are checked, the data areas including ID information for reading can be recorded on the medium, with a result that a high-speed format process can be realized.

A tenth embodiment of the present invention will be described.

FIG. 33 is a diagram showing the format pattern in the tenth embodiment. Those parts which are the same as those in the format pattern in the ninth embodiment in FIG. 29 are designated by the same reference numerals.

The format pattern in the tenth embodiment realizes a reduction of time for writing the ID divisions and time of rewriting in the alternate sector process because of common use of a write ID division and a read ID division.

As has been described, in the magnetic disk unit using the dual head, the reason why separate ID divisions for writing and reading are required is because of the shift which occurs between the center cores of the two heads. However, since ID for writing and ID for reading are composed of the same items of information, basically it is enough to provide one sector with one ID.

In the tenth embodiment, in the case where the core width of the writing head is denoted by M, the core width of the reading head by N, and the amount of shift between the two heads by X, a head 5501 for writing ID, which has a core width of a length of about L, is prepared in addition to the writing head and the reading head. The L is defined by equation 1.

    ((M+N)/2)+X.tbd.L.                                         Eq. 1

where N is the width of the reading head, M is the width of the writing head, and X is the shift between the core centers of the reading head and the writing head. The ID writing head 5501, if manufactured in the manufacturing process of thin film heads, can achieve a balance with the reading head, so that the output of the read signal hardly attenuates. By writing an ID division with this ID writing head 5501, an ID division corresponding to the wide core width can be realized. Since this core width L can be obtained from the above equation, even in offset servo control by which the writing head is positioned to the center of a track to enable data to be written in the data division, or even when the reading head is positioned to the center of a track, it never occurs that the reading head 5103 extends beyond the writing width (in the radial direction) of the ID division, so that one ID division is enough for each sector.

However, since the ID writing width in the radial direction is wide, if the ID areas are located in the same positions in the circumferential direction, the spaces between the tracks depends on the radial recording width of the ID division. So, by shifting the ID divisions in such a way that they have mutually overlapping portions, the track pitch is shortened, by which better use can be made of the recording medium.

As has been described, according to the tenth embodiment, ID division writing can be finished by a single writing operation for each sector, and the track pitch is not expanded so that the recording medium can be used to advantage.

FIGS. 34A to 34C show details of the format presented in FIG. 33.

As illustrated, in the tenth embodiment, in addition to the ID area of a given sector itself, because the ID writing head has a large core width, this given sector needs to have a portion of it used as one end portion of the ID area of the adjacent track. As a result, the sector capacity of a sector is 666 bytes. However, unlike with a magnetic disk unit with a conventional type dual head which requires two servo areas, one for writing and the other for reading, in this embodiment it is only necessary to provide a sector with a single servo area, so that the required number of bytes is only 58B. This means that in comparison to the conventional sector capacity of 725 bytes, in this embodiment, the user area that can be used to store the user's information is greater as much as 8%.

This formatting procedure is almost the same as in the above-mentioned ninth embodiment (FIGS. 31 and 32). When writing servo data, the amount of shift Y between the writing and the reading heads 5103 is obtained and stored in advance. In the flowchart in FIG. 31, when writing the write ID areas on the medium, according to the servo information read with the reading head 5103, the ID writing head with a wide core width is positioned to the object track while keeping the offset amount of Y with respect to the reading head 5103. In the manner as described, ID information can be recorded in desired positions of the medium. When writing data areas, the data areas may be recorded on the medium by skipping over spaces for the ID areas of the adjacent tracks. Needless to say, the data areas in this embodiment do not include ID information for reading.

FIG. 35 shows the construction of the dual head according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention.

The magnetic head 5101 has cores formed on a slider 5701 by the thin film process. The magnetic head 5101 includes a data writing head 5703, a data reading head, and an ID writing head 5501.

As for the types of heads, the data writing head 5703 and the ID writing head 5501 are the inductive heads, while the data reading head is an MR head utilizing an MR element 5706 having the magneto-resistive effect. As described above, the tenth embodiment requires three cores and the three cores can be manufactured easily by the thin film process. For example, there has been a type of head, which has inductive heads fabricated at the left and right portions of the slider, and one of the inductive heads which has better characteristics is selected and used.

If the core width of the ID writing head is denoted by L, the core width of the data reading head by N, and the shift of the cores of the data write/read head by X, by designing the magnetic head so that L satisfies the equation 1, the ID area can be read at the same rotational angle of the medium when reading and writing data. By the arrangement described, a magnetic head capable of recording the format pattern shown in FIG. 33 can be realized.

Accordingly, in the ninth and the tenth embodiments, in reading, the reading head is positioned to the center of the track, and in writing, the reading head is positioned to the offset position, so that the servo information for reading and writing is used by the reading and the writing heads by taking turns.

As shown in FIG. 36, in the case of a 2-phase position signal used hitherto, to extract signal portions having linearity, the position signal needs to be switched over from one track to another. When the position signal is switched over, theoretically, the position signal strength ought to continue accurately, but it does not owing to switch-over timing or for other reasons, resulting in discontinuity of signal strength at switch-over points.

Therefore, if the position signal at points of such discontinuity is used for offset positioning, the magnetic head vibrates or cannot be positioned properly. Meanwhile, the range in which the linearity of the position signal can be maintained is for about ±1/4track from the center of the position signal (in the case of a 2-phase servo signal, the range depends on the travel of the head in the radial direction of the servo signal when servo information is written). In order that the position signal for offset positioning may always stay away from the switch-over points, the servo areas are located by being offset from the data divisions, and not only in writing but also reading, the magnetic head may be positioned with respect to the write ID division or the read ID division (including the data division) by offset positioning.

In FIG. 36, the hatched regions indicate the portions of the position signal which lack linearity. The symbol a indicate the change-over points of the position signal.

Description will then be made of the construction and the operation of the magnetic disk unit which positions the magnetic head according to the various formats described when the ninth and tenth embodiments were explained.

FIG. 37 shows the construction of such a magnetic disk unit.

As illustrated, the magnetic disk unit includes a mechanical section 6001 and an electronic circuit section 6002.

The mechanical section 6001 includes a magnetic disk 6003 for recording data, a magnetic head 5101 for writing and reading data to and from the magnetic disk 6003, a spindle motor 6005 for rotating the magnetic disk, a guide arm 6006 supporting the magnetic head 5101, a VCM (Voice Coil Motor) 6007 for moving the magnetic head 5101, a case 6008 containing the above-mentioned component parts, and a board 6009 having mounted thereon an electronic circuit for controlling the component parts.

On the other hand, the electronic circuit section 6002 includes a read/write functional section 6010 for writing data on the magnetic disk and reading data from the magnetic disk, a mechanism control section 6011 for control of positioning the magnetic head to position the magnetic head to a target track on the magnetic head 5101 and for control of the number of revolutions of the magnetic disk 6003, and a data control section 6012 to transmit data between the read/write functional section 6010 and an external system.

The read/write function section 6010 includes an R/W amplifier 6013 for recording and reproducing data to and from the magnetic disk 6003, a waveform shaping circuit 6014 for shaping the waveform of the signal read from the magnetic head, a data separator 6015 for extracting basic clock pulses from a read signal, the waveform of which is shaped by the waveform shaping circuit 6014, and a discriminator circuit 6016 for converting a signal read from the magnetic disk into an NRZ code by using the read signal which has been waveform-shaped by the waveform shaping circuit 6014 and by also using the basic clock signal, and converting an NRZ signal sent from the data control section 6012 into a code suitable for recording on the magnetic disk.

The mechanism control section 6011 includes a position signal generating circuit 6017 for generating position information from the positioning signal read with the magnetic head, a head positioning controller 6018 for performing a magnetic head positioning process from the generated position information, a motor driver 6019 for sending an output result obtained by the magnetic head positioning process to VCM 6007, a spindle motor control/driver 6020 for controlling the number of spindle motor revolutions, and a write clock signal generating circuit 6021 for sending a write clock signal to the read/write function section 6010 according to output of the position signal generating circuit.

The data control section 6012 includes an SCSI controller 6022 for transferring data to and from an external system according to an SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) protocol, an HDC (Hard Disk Controller) 6023 for converting parallel data received from an external system into data (normally, serial data) suitable for recording and reproduction on the magnetic disk, a buffer RAM 6024 for eliminating a difference between an external system-HDC 6023 data transfer speed and an HDC 6023-magnetic disk 6003 data transfer speed, a CPU 6025 for control of the whole magnetic disk unit, and a RAM 6026 as the working area of the CPU.

The magnetic head 5101 is a dual head having a reading head 5103 and a writing head 5102 provided separately.

As described above, in this embodiment, in reading and writing data, the reading head 5103 and the writing head 5102 are positioned to the center of the track (data division), and this positioning of the heads is controlled by the mechanism control section 6011.

The above-mentioned positioning operation will be described in the following.

From an external system (host computer), a command is sent to the magnetic disk unit according to the SCSI protocol. This command is sent through the SCSI controller 6022 and the HDC 6023 to the CPU 6025. The CPU 6025 interprets the received command, and decides if a request from the external system is to read data or write data, and according to the result of decision, issues an instruction to the section concerned. The CPU 6025, in compliance with the result of interpretation of the command, issues an instruction that the magnetic head should be positioned to an object track.

The RAM 6026 stores in advance a correction value which indicates the amount of shift from the track center, by which amount of shift the magnetic head is to be offset when the magnetic head is positioned for reading or writing. When the format pattern shown in FIG. 29 or 33 is used, the correction value is zero in reading, and the correction value is the amount of shift between the core centers of the reading head and the writing head. As has been described, not only in writing but also in reading, when the magnetic head is positioned with respect to the write ID division or the read ID division (including the data division) by offset positioning, the correction value is not zero either in reading or writing.

The CPU 6025 issues an instruction to the mechanism control section 6011 to position the magnetic head to an object track, and depending on whether the operation is to write or read, reads a correction value from RAM 6026 and supplies it to the mechanism control section 6011.

The head positioning controller 6018 of the mechanism control section 6011, by using position information generated by the position signal generating circuit 6017 and the specified object track and a correction value, obtains the amount of travel for positioning the magnetic head as discussed in the description of the first and second embodiments, and sends the result to the motor driver 6019. By those steps, offset positioning can be achieved. Therefore, the dual head can be positioned accurately both in writing and reading.

As mentioned earlier, as the correction value stored in the RAM 6026, the amount of shift measured in the format process by using a laser length measuring system may be stored on the magnetic disk or in the ROM under supervision of the CPU, and read into the RAM 6026 when turning on the power supply. Or, when the power is supplied to the magnetic disk unit, the amount shift between the writing head and the reading head may be measured and stored in memory. If the amount of shift varies by the thermal expansion resulting from the operation of the magnetic disk, the amount of shift may be updated at specified time intervals.

In the preferred embodiments described above, since ID information for reading is written in the data division, unlike in the case where ID for reading is provided independently of the data division, those areas which are required for reading, such as the SYNC, AM, PAD, W.SPLICE areas can be obviated, resulting in an expansion of the user data area. In terms of capacity, an ID division has a capacity about 1.2 times as large as before, and therefore can contain the ID divisions for writing and reading so as to be compatible with the dual head, and as a result, the memory capacity can be utilized to advantage to store user data.

Further, due to the provision of the head for writing ID with a core width that can cover the amount of shift of the cores of the dual head, the ID writing operation can be finished by a single operation. This ID area shows the address of an object sector and also serves as a place for storing a code to indicate if the sector is defective. Therefore, even when an alternate sector process or the like occurs and it becomes necessary to update the ID information, it is only necessary to update the ID information once. This operation can be finished in the same process time as in the conventional updating of the ID area. As a result, a disk unit with a dual head, which is capable of high-speed updating of ID information, can be realized.

Further, by measuring the amount of shift between the core centers of the writing and the reading heads when writing servo data and writing the ID divisions by using a laser length measuring system, ID divisions can be recorded on the medium with high accuracy.

Considering the discontinuity at the coupling points of the position signal, the write ID division and the read ID division (including the data division) are recorded by being respectively offset from the track center, so that accurate offset positioning can be realized.

In order to realize the various formats explained in the description of the embodiments, the format process function may be built in the HDC (Hard Disk Controller) for the data process.

The embodiments of the disk type recording and reproducing apparatus according to the present invention have been described by taking applications to the magnetic disk unit for example, but the present invention can be applied similarly to the floppy disk drive unit and the other types of disk type recording medium, such as the optical disk.

In the specification of the patent application for the present invention, the objects of the present invention have been referred to as the first to fifth objects, but this is only for convenience of description, and this numerical order does not represent the order of importance, for example. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A disk type recording and reproducing apparatus comprising:a disk type recording medium; and a dual head includinga reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium, the reading head having a core, and a writing head for writing on the disk type recording medium, the writing head having a core, wherein a center of the core of the reading head is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to a center of the core of the writing head; wherein the disk type recording medium has a plurality of recording tracks, and each of the recording tracks has a plurality of sectors; wherein each of the sectors has an ID division provided ahead of a data division disposed in the circumferential direction of the disk type recording medium, the ID division having recorded therein identification information identifying the sector; wherein a center line of the ID division is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to a center line of the data division by a distance equal to a distance by which the center of the core of the reading head is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to the center of the core of the writing head; wherein the data division has identification information identifying the sector stored in a position ahead of data to be recorded and reproduced; and wherein the disk type recording and reproducing apparatus further comprises:recording means for identifying a sector in which data is to be recorded based on the identification information recorded in the ID division of the sector, and recording data in the data division of the sector with the writing head; and reproducing means for identifying a sector from which data is to be reproduced based on the identification information stored in the data division of the sector, and reproducing data from the data division of the sector with the reading head.
 2. A disk type recording and reproducing apparatus comprising:a disk type recording medium; and a dual head includinga reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium, the reading head having a core, and a writing head for writing on the disk type recording medium, the writing head having a core, wherein the reading head and the writing head have a fixed positional relationship therebetween; wherein the disk type recording medium has a plurality of recording tracks, and each of the recording tracks has a plurality of sectors; wherein each of the sectors has an ID division provided ahead of a data division disposed in the circumferential direction of the disk type recording medium, the ID division having recorded therein identification information identifying the sector; wherein the ID division has a width in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium which enables the ID division to be read with the reading head without moving the reading head in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium when a center of the core of the reading head is positioned on a center line of the data division in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium, and which also enables the ID division to be read with the reading head without moving the writing head in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium when a center of the core of the writing head is positioned on the center line of the data division in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium; wherein each of the sectors has a gap division having a length in the circumferential direction thereof which is at least as long as the circumferential length of the ID division; and wherein the ID division and the gap division mutually exchange their circumferential positions in alternate sectors in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium.
 3. A disk type recording and reproducing apparatus comprising:a disk type recording medium; and a dual head includinga reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium, the reading head having a core, and a writing head for writing on the disk type recording medium, the writing head having a core, wherein the reading head and the writing head have a fixed positional relationship therebetween; wherein the disk type recording medium has a plurality of recording tracks, and each of the recording tracks has a plurality of sectors; wherein each of the sectors has an ID division provided ahead of a data division disposed in the circumferential direction of the disk type recording medium, the ID division having recorded therein identification information identifying the sector; wherein the ID division has a width in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium which enables the ID division to be read with the reading head without moving the reading head in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium when a center of the core of the reading head is positioned on a center line of the data division in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium, and which also enables the ID division to be read with the reading head without moving the writing head in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium when a center of the core of the writing head is positioned on the center line of the data division in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium; and wherein the disk type recording and reproducing apparatus, in addition to the dual head, further comprises a head for writing the ID division, the head for writing the ID division having a radial width at least as long as a sum of half the length of the radial width of the reading head, half the length of the radial width of the writing head, and a length of a radial shift between the centers of the reading and the writing heads.
 4. A disk type recording and reproducing apparatus comprising:a disk type recording medium; and a dual head includinga reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium, the reading head having a core, and a writing head for writing on the disk type recording medium, the writing head having a core, wherein the reading head and the writing head have a fixed positional relationship therebetween; wherein the disk type recording medium has a plurality of recording tracks, and each of the recording tracks has a plurality of sectors; wherein each of the sectors has an ID division provided ahead of a data division disposed in the circumferential direction of the disk type recording medium, the ID division having recorded therein identification information identifying the sector; wherein the ID division has a width in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium which enables the ID division to be read with the reading head without moving the reading head in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium when a center of the core of the reading head is positioned on a center line of the data division in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium, and which also enables the ID division to be read with the reading head without moving the writing head in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium when a center of the core of the writing head is positioned on the center line of the data division in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium; and wherein each of the sectors has a plurality of the IDs in duplication.
 5. A method for formatting a disk type recording medium having a plurality of tracks, each track including a plurality of sectors, each sector having an ID division for storing identification information of the sector and a data division for storing data, with a dual head incorporating a reading head and a writing head, the formatting method comprising the steps of:writing with the writing head the ID division at a position ahead of the data division and shifted with respect to the data division in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium by the amount of shift between the centers of the reading and writing heads; reading the ID division with the reading head; just after reading the ID division, verifying identification information of the sector which is to be written with the writing head at a position that precedes the data division and is aligned with the data division in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium, and the contents of the ID division; and comparing the identification information in the verifying step with the contents of the ID division, and only when the contents are found coincident, writing the identification information of the sector at the position that precedes the data division.
 6. In a disk type recording and reproducing apparatus including a disk type recording medium having a plurality of tracks, each track including a plurality of sectors, and a dual head separately incorporating a reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium and a writing head for writing into the disk type recording medium, a servo method for positioning the dual head with respect to the disk type recording medium comprising the steps of:writing servo information in each sector with the writing head, reading servo information with the reading head under the condition that the writing head is positioned to the written information in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium, obtaining the amount of shift between the writing head and the reading head from a signal strength of the read servo information, and storing the amount of shift obtained; providing a data division in each sector such that a center line of the data division coincides with a center line of the servo information without any shift in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium; when reading, reading the servo information with the reading head, and positioning the dual head in such a way that the center line of the servo information coincides with the center of the reading head in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium; and when writing, reading the servo information with the reading head, and positioning the dual head in such a way that the center of the reading head is positioned to a position offset by the amount of shift corresponding to the stored amount of shift from the center line of the servo information in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium.
 7. In a disk type recording and reproducing apparatus including a disk type recording medium having a plurality of tracks, each track including a plurality of sectors, and a dual head separately incorporating a reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium and a writing head for writing into the disk type recording medium, a servo method for positioning the dual head with respect to the disk type recording medium comprising the steps of:writing servo information in each sector with the writing head, reading servo information with the reading head under the condition that the writing head is positioned to the written information in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium, obtaining the amount of shift between the writing head and the reading head from a signal strength of the read servo information, and storing the amount of shift obtained; providing a data division in each sector at a position where a center line of the data division is shifted from a center line of the servo information by a predetermined value of 1/n (n is a natural number) or less of a distance between the tracks; and when reading, reading the servo information with the reading head, and positioning the dual head in such a way that the center of the reading head is positioned in a position shifted by an amount corresponding to the amount obtained by subtracting the predetermined amount from the stored amount of shift from the center line of the servo information.
 8. A disk type recording and reproducing apparatus comprising:a disk type recording medium having a plurality of tracks and having stored on the tracks a position signal indicating positions on the tracks; a drive section for rotating the disk type recording medium; a dual head separately incorporating a reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium and a writing head for writing into the disk type recording medium; a head drive section for moving the dual head; means for controlling the head drive section by a controlled variable in compliance with a position signal read from a respective one of the tracks using the reading head; and memory means for storing quantity information used to correct the controlled variable of the means for controlling the head drive section; wherein the means for controlling the head drive section, at least in a writing operation on the respective one of the tracks, obtains the controlled variable of the head drive section according to the position signal read from the respective one of the tracks using the reading head and the quantity information stored in the memory means.
 9. A disk type recording and reproducing apparatus comprising:a disk type recording medium having a plurality of tracks and having stored on the tracks a position signal indicating positions on the tracks; a drive section for rotating the disk type recording medium; a dual head separately incorporating a reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium and a writing head for writing into the disk type recording medium; a head drive section for moving the dual head; and means for controlling the head drive section by a controlled variable in compliance with a position signal read from a respective one of the tracks using the reading head; wherein the disk type recording medium has stored thereon quantity information used to correct the controlled variable of the means for controlling the head drive section.
 10. A disk type recording and reproducing apparatus comprising:a disk type recording medium; and a dual head includinga reading head for reading from the disk type recording medium, the reading head having a core, and a writing head for writing on the disk type recording medium, the writing head having a core, wherein a center of the core of the reading head is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to a center of the core of the writing head; wherein the disk type recording medium has a plurality of recording tracks, and each of the recording tracks has a plurality of sectors; wherein an ID division is provided ahead of a data division of each of at least some of the sectors in the circumferential direction of the disk type recording medium, the ID division having recorded therein identification information identifying at least the sector; wherein a center line of the ID division is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to a center line of the data division by a distance equal to a distance by which the center of the core of the reading head is shifted in the radial direction of the disk type recording medium relative to the center of the core of the writing head; and wherein the disk type recording and reproducing apparatus further comprises:recording means for identifying a sector in which data is to be recorded based on the identification information recorded in the ID division of one of the sectors, and recording data in the data division of the identified sector with the writing head; and reproducing means for identifying a sector from which data is to be reproduced based on the identification information recorded in the ID division of one of the sectors, and reproducing data from the data division of the identified sector with the reading head. 